A dislocated shoulder happens when your upper arm pops out of your shoulder socket. The shoulder is one of the easiest joints to dislocate because the ball joint of your upper arm sits in a very shallow socket.
This makes the arm extremely mobile and able to move in many directions, but also means it isn’t very stable. In some cases, the surrounding tissues supporting the shoulder joint may also be overstretched or torn.
A dislocated shoulder takes between 12 and 16 weeks to heal after the shoulder has been put back into place.
How a dislocated shoulder occurs
You can dislocate your shoulder if you fall on to your arm heavily. Most people dislocate their shoulder while playing a contact sport, such as rugby, or in a sports-related accident.
In older people, the cause is often falling on to outstretched hands – for example, after slipping on ice.
Shoulder dislocations can occur more easily in people who are highly flexible, such as those with loose joints (joint hypermobility).
Have I dislocated my shoulder?
In most cases of dislocated shoulder, the ball part of the joint pops out in front of the shoulder socket. This is usually obvious because:
- you won’t be able to move your arm and it will be very painful
- your shoulder will suddenly look square rather than round
- you may be able to see a lump or bulge (the top of the arm bone) under the skin in front of your shoulder
It’s much more unusual for the bone to pop out of the back of the shoulder joint. This can usually happen after an epileptic fit or an electrocution injury, and is less easy to spot.
If you believe you have dislocated your shoulder, go to your nearest accident and emergency (A&E) department immediately. Don’t try to pop your arm back in yourself – you could damage the tissues, nerves and blood vessels around the shoulder joint.
While waiting for medical help, avoid moving your upper arm as much as possible.
Repairing tears in the shoulder tissues
Some people tear ligaments, tendons and other tissues when they dislocate their shoulder.
If these tissues have been damaged, you may need surgery to repair them. This can significantly reduce the risk of dislocating the same shoulder again in the future for some people.
Surgery to repair shoulder tissues is carried out under general anaesthetic. It’s often done using keyhole surgery, where small cuts (incisions) and a thin tube with a light and camera at one end (arthroscope) are used.
Sometimes it’s necessary to have open surgery to move bones around in the shoulder to prevent further dislocations.
Surgery can sometimes be avoided by doing appropriate exercises to strengthen the shoulder if the tissues are overstretched but not torn.
Recovering from a dislocated shoulder
You can usually go home soon after your shoulder is put back in place, but you’ll need to rest your arm in a sling for a few days while the pain settles. You’ll need to return for follow-up care, and may also be referred for physiotherapy to rehabilitate and strengthen your shoulder.
Recovery time
You can stop wearing the sling after a few days, but it takes about 12 to 16 weeks to completely recover from a dislocated shoulder. You’ll usually be able to resume most activities within two weeks, but should avoid heavy lifting and sports involving shoulder movements for between six weeks and three months. Your care team will advise you.
Dislocating your shoulder again
The chances of dislocating your shoulder again will depend on your age and how well the tissues surrounding the joint healed the first time. It can help if the torn tissues were surgically repaired after the dislocated shoulder was put back in place. However, subsequent dislocations do sometimes occur, particularly in people younger than 25 and those over 40.
Doing regular recovery exercises under the supervision of a physiotherapist and avoiding awkward arm positions can also reduce the risk of dislocating your shoulder again.